You can do a quick scan disk on your computer and find out the corrupted files by running :
Start > Run > CMD > Run the command Chkdsk
The inbuilt PC scan disk utility will scan the complete file structure of your hard disk and give you a report of corrupted files.

Next option is to Wipe off all your data on your Hard disk drive and get a clean HDD with no corrupted sectors. The most proved fact is that you need to Wipe off your hard disk drive 7 times before you get a real clean HDD and this can make sure that no one can recover your data.

Hard drive can be erased using tools like hard drive erasers , Kill Disk, WipeDrive or else just run FDisk which will clean your HDD completely and you can reinstall your OS Later.

In case you are looking for taking a free back service to backup your important data try out this – Secure web storage. 2GB free!

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Click to see Full Preview of HDD

I was searching for all the best indian online shopping stores because amazon didnt ship to India and i could not find any good store which would sell me external hard disk drives and then my friend Sumit Bahl suggested me a eBay store which had 1000+ positive feedback and recommended me to make a BIN offer and once i made the same the HDD was delivered to my place within 5days and i was very happy about it because it was nicely packed and it also had a bill and was checked prior to sending.

The Western Digital Hard disk is really sleek and we cannot say its the size of a credit card but yes its almost the size of 2 credit cards put side by side and its almost weightless compared to the data its going to store in it. Comes with a preloaded software which is optional to install because its plug & play feature rocks and the moment you attach the USB 2.0 cord it starts working and the WD HDD is visible in the My Computer Section. The 160Gb HDD came out to be a 149GB one and thats normal in any Hard disk because some of its space goes towards system files etc and we cannot ever expect 100% of what was listed.

This Hard Disk does not need any external power and can support the power which comes from the USB2.0 and this is the only reason i have purchased this one because it can be extremely useful while you are on travelling and you just have your laptop and no other power option. The Hard Disk’s seek time is also very good and its instantly recognized by the laptop and we can directly play movies from the external Hard Disk because the disk speed is also comparatively high.

The cost of this Hard Disk for me was around :
Subtotal: Rs. 4,388.00
Shipping and handling: Rs. 98.00
Shipping insurance (required): Rs. 90.00
10.000% AP Sales Tax/ VAT (applies to subtotal + S&H): Rs. 448.60
Seller discounts or charges: -
Total: Rs. 5,024.60

The original cost would have been around 4388Rs only but because of the Vat & Shipping charges the price got increased by almost another 20% in total, anyway it seems to be a great buy and i would recommend this hard disk to everyone.

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With the launch of Windows XP : Windows Experiance microsoft recommended all their users to upgrade their hard disk’s file system from FAT to NTFS in order to increase performance, security, reliabilty & other features. The problem with this conversion is that many programs which worked in the earlier FAT file system would not work in NTFS and for sorting this out the user needs to install a clean partition rather than converting.

One of the easiest option to convert is to use the application Convert.exe which can upgrade your file system and also retain all your files and this saves your time and resources by saving all the stored files. Another point you need to note is that you can just upgrade from FAT file system to NTFS but you cannot convert back and the only option to do this is to reformat completely to get back to FAT file system.

Steps to convert FAT to NTFS :

Click on Start > Programs > Cmd [Command Prompt]
convert d: /fs:ntfs
The above code is used to convert your hard-disk’s D Drive to NTFS file system. If you want to convert the drive from which you have currently booted into the operating system, the command offers you to convert the hard drive in the next restart. Once the task is completed you get a message : Conversion Complete

If you are looking for converting file format for a external hard drive the above process works for sure, but in most cases all the latest external hard drives come with a NTFS File system only.

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There are several services available which can offer you with automatic data backup options and offer you to restore in case of HDD Crashes. Here is a list of different data backup services :

• Mozy.com : A Company which offers Online Backup, Data Backup & Remote Backup Solutions. Mozy offers three types of membership plans named MozyHome, MozyPro & MozyEnterprise. MozyHome service comes at 4.95$/month for security your data during hard drive crash, virus attack and makes a backup of almost every important file, photos, music, outlook files at a secured remote location. You just need to signup with MozyHome user account and you will be offered with a download copy of their software and once installed you will be asked to select the files you want to backup and it automatically backup’s your data based on the schedules you setup. Mozy after first complete backup it just backup’s the changed files and this way the updations are done quickly on the remote servers.MozyPro is another service which is for business with huge data and optimized upload limits based on upload speeds, schedules, incremental backups and all those features which are suitable for organizations. The third type of service MozyEnterprise is for organizations who need instant support via phone, auto activations etc.
• DataDepositBox is a instant online backup service which works on incremental file change system, ie whenever there is a change in your files/information a update in made on a secured server. The service is charged on Databased which is 2$/GB and you just need to signup, download the software, select the files/folders to protect and get your data backup automatically. You can restore any lose files from your backup within seconds and backup as many computers you have in your network. You can also use this service is sharing files and folders with password protected links.
• iBackup is another ultimate online storage and backup service which is available on data basis and the pricing starts from 9.95USD for 10GB Storage Space with different types of plans based on customers requirements like Economy Plans, Enhanced Backup Plans & Workgroup Subscription Plans. Scheduled data backup’s and Drag & drop facility for Mac users. You can access all your files using any web browser and get a email or desktop notification whenever your backup is updated. The company not only offers this service to windows users but also extends their services for Mac, Drive, Multimedia Drive, WebFolders, SQL Server Backups and lot more.

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There can be a problem when the low disk in on the drive where your operating system is installed since the OS needs readily available space to perform actions and run applications and if its on low disk space, problems get started. When the ‘Low Disk Space’ message comes up and you click on it you get a Disk Cleanup Wizard which is a inbuilt feature of Windows Operating system and it helps you in removing some useless files and folders from your computer.

Here are some of the notification timits setup by default :
When your disk space is less than 200 Mb , Notifications are shown for 10 seconds.
When your disk space is less than 80 Mb , Notifications are shown every 4 hours.
When your disk space is less than 50 Mb , Notifications are shown for 30 seconds every 5minutes in order to make sure that you perform the Disk Check up wizard and increase some free space on your hard disk drive.

Because of this Low Disk problem you cannot create or add new data on the hard drive and the only option would be to move all your important data to a online backup or to a external hard disk.A low disk problem can also make your computer Crash, Disable any Antivirus / Anti Spyware program and also shut down any large running applications.

Another Option would be to right click on your drive and selecting the properties section. Following which you click on the Disk Cleanup which will start scanning your complete drive and try to compress old files in order to save some disk space. Its also always recommended to convert your hard disk to NTFS because the new file system makes you compress the files in a better way and you can save up some more hard disk space.

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Is the Process Easy?
If you are using computer, you must know this basics. You may not be a technical person, but that doesn’t make any difference. This process is technical, but it is also very easy. You can go through the process once and you will understand the way of scanning bad blocks on your hard disk drive.

How to Find the Bad Blocks?
Go to the My Computer section.
Right click on the hard drive and click on Properties. A window will appear. Select the Tool option on that window and go to the Check Now for error checking.

This will start the process of checking blocks. The entire method will take some time. It even takes hours to check the hard disk. If the size of your hard disk is as big as 20 GB or more, you will need to spend a lot of time for scanning the disk.

You have to remember that as C: drive is the primary partition on your computer; you should reboot it for allowing the running of ScanDisk before full loading of the Windows. In this case, the Windows will send you signals and inform you about what is going on. This will help you to complete the process without facing any kind of trouble.

The process is simple, but you will have to first practice it regularly to get rid of all the complications. But once you will learn the process, you will be able to locate the bad blocks on your computer.

You can also teach this process to your friends and gather some praises for you. So, I hope you have understood that you must not always be a technical person for knowing these small facets of computer. If you gather knowledge about computer in spite of being a non technical person, you will only be benefited and will hardly need to ask for a maintenance person.

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Process of Defragment HDD :
If you are a windows user you can find the inbuild free Windows Defragmenter software in your operating system which you can use to get started. Its always recommended to close/stop all the running programs because these lead to change in the files and file structure. Also you should try to first delete all the useless files from your computer’s hard disk drive which may include bigger files in the form of movie/audio files which take huge amount of data in Megabyte’s and fill up your hard disk. You need a minimum of 15% of free space if you are going to use the window’s based Disk Defragmater because it would use the free space to move the other data and correctly store it in the HDD. The main job of these softwares is that , they try to move all the data in a chain format instead of keeping it stored at random locations on the different sectors in the hard disk drive.

Hard Disk Drive Structure :
The Hard Disk is a bigger type of a CD-Rom with the same format of file Storage, Tracks, Cylinders and Sectors. The Hard Disk Drive is originally of RAW format when its a fresh copy. The data is recorded on different tracks which are concentric circles which are placed on the surface of the platter and they are like a chain of rings. These hard disks have thousands of tracks which are on the platters and while the hard disk’s moving head moves over the inner to the outer part of the disk the data is accessed. Each track can hold thousands of bytes of data in sectors which are a part of tracks.

Click on Start > All Programs > Accessories > System Tools > Disk Defragmentor

The Disk Defragment process can really Speed up Laptop Computer

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Benefits of Smart Cards :
Smart cards are used for single sign-on to computers ,laptops, data with encryption etc.It provides with a means of effective business transactions in a flexible, secure and standard way. Smart cards are widely used to protect digital television streams. The Malaysian government uses smart card technology in identity cards carried by all Malaysian citizens and resident non-citizens.

Smard Card Technology :
Smart cards are secure, compact and intelligent data carriers. Though they lack screens and keyboards, smart cards should be regarded as specialized computers capable of processing, storing and safeguarding thousands of bytes of data.Smart cards operate with special read/write devices, some of which may be attached to computers and point-of-sale (POS) terminals using standard cables and interfaces.

Why use Smart Cards :
Migrating to smart cards will impact toll agency operations in at least four ways:
1. It will separate payment from management functions.
2. Toll agencies will benefit from technological innovations and cost savings arising from marketplace competition among smart card and POS terminal vendors.
3. It will push the vendor community toward standardized ETC based on smart cards.
4. It will reduce or eliminate theft and fraud.

The most common smart card applications are:

Smart cards can be used with a smart-card reader attachment to a personal computer to authenticate a user. Web browsers also can use smart card technology to supplement Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) for improved security of Internet transactions.

Problems with Smart Cards :
The plastic card in which the chip is fixed is fairly flexible and the larger chip has higher probability of breaking.Smart cards are often carried in wallets or pockets which is a fairly harsh environment for a chip. In addition to technical hurdles is the lack of standards for smart card functionality and security. To address this problem, the ERIDANE Project was launched by The Berlin Group to develop a proposal for “a new functional and security framework for smart-card based Point of Interaction (POI) equipment”, equipment that would be used, for instance, in retail environments.

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Users may have more than one more than operating systems on a single computer by the use of multi-booting setups. There can be different operating systems installed on different partitions of the same hard disc and the user can have a choice of booting into any operating system at power up and the users can have a choice of using any OS when the computer is powered on.

The corruptness of one partition does not affect by any means. The drive’s data will still be recoverable. There are less chances of a file system running on this partition becoming corrupt. It raises the System output if there are more efficient smaller file systems. There is a less time consumption of the smaller MTF on the smaller partition file system than a larger MTF on the partition of larger systems.

A hard disc may contain a single extended partition which is secondary to the primary partition each of them is sub-divided into logical drives different operating system’s assigned drives identifiers.

In order to create more space the hard disks are compressed at times. This was done by the earlier windows and MS-DOS, STACKER, Superstor, double space and drive space. This was done by creating a large file and then storing all the data on this file. Initially it was opened by the device drivers and assigned a separate letter. The original partition and the compressed drive had their letter swapped to avoid the confusion, so the compressed disk will be C and the area that often contains some system files is given a higher name.

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The internal hard drives became first choice for computer running window by the end of 20th century while on apple Macintosh and other platform they popular for much longer. Easing up expansion external expansion easy, SCSI external hard drives were the only reasonable options for many reasons. The “Apple profile” like drives is neither portable nor compact as were the older ones for the commercial use. The need for storing files has enhanced after the introduction of the internet and the threats of viruses have allowed more backups to come. Users of all platforms consider the external hard drives popular among themselves.

In the recent times the markets of external drives are concentrating more towards the portability and additionally the memory with a higher amount. Today manufacturers like Hitachi, Simple tech, and Maxtor are using the high capacity such as 1TB and 1.5TB. There is a similarity between the external and a normal hard disc in terms of structure. A normal hard disc drive mounted on a disc enclosure is included by them.

The external hard disc drive of 500GB capacity is now manufactured on the common basis.

Windows, UNIX and the Linux are the three major systems the external drives are at ease. For each OS there are tools for formatting, journaling and partitioning. The OS can also be installed on this hard drive. Different file system can also be run on these external hard discs. Disk management console helps the partitioning and the formatting of the discs.

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